Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, Myrtaceae

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Present on Pacific Islands?  yes

Primarily a threat at high elevations?  no

Risk assessment results:  High risk, score: 20 (Go to the risk assessment)

Other Latin names:  Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes; Eugenia jambos L.

Common name(s): [more details]

Chinese: pu tao

English: Malabar plum, jambos, jambu, jamrosa, rose apple, wax jambu

Fijian: kavika, kavika ni India, kavika ni vavalangi

French: jambosier, jambrosade, jamrosa, jamrosat, jamrosier, pomme-rose, pommier rose, prunier de Malabar

Hawaiian: ‘ohi‘a loke

Maori (Cook Islands): ka‘ika, ka‘ika papa‘ā, ka‘ika takataka, ka‘ika varāni

Pohnpeian: apel en wai, iouen wai, youenwai

Rapa Nui: haia

Samoan: seasea pālagi

Spanish: manzana rosa, pomarrosa, yambo

Tahitian: ahi‘a papa‘a

Tongan: fa palangi, fekika pāpālangi, hehea ha‘amoa

Habit:  tree

Description:  "Trees 6-15 m tall, bark grayish brown, smooth, glabrous throughout.  Leaves thin, coriaceous, somewhat pendent, narrowly lanceolate, 10-23 cm long, 2.5-5 cm wide, principal lateral veins 10-20 pairs, 5-15 mm apart, submarginal vein irregular, apex long-acuminate, base cuneate, petioles 0.5-1 cm long.  Flowers in terminal, once-branched cymes ca. 2 cm long, peduncles 0.7-1.5 cm long, bracts 0.8-1 mm long; hypanthium funnelform, 7-10 mm long, narrowing into a short pseudostipe 3-4 mm long; sepals 4, fleshy, unequal, one pair 6-8 mm long, the other pair 4-6  mm long, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, persistent; petals 4, white to greenish white, orbicular to ovate-orbicular, concave, 12-20 mm long, caducous; stamens ca. 200, filaments creamy white, 10-50 mm long.  Berries whitish yellow to pinkish yellow, subglobose, 2-4 cm long, pericarp fleshy, 10-15 mm thick.  Seed usually 1, subglobose, 2-2.5 cm in diameter, testa closely coherent to cotyledons"  (Wagner et al., 1999; p. 975)

"A tropical fruit tree up to 10 m tall.  The terminal inflorescence is showy and usually carries four whitish-green flowers on the outside of the crown.  Flowering can occur two or three times per year.  The fruits are whitish-green, rose scented, about 5 cm long and ripen over an extended period.  The dry, crisp fresh fruit is used to make jellies.  Fruit/seed can be produced following self-pollination" (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 58).

"Grand arbre pouvant atteindre 15 m de hauteur et 70 cm de diamètre à la base, reconnaissable à ses feuilles lancéolées, coriaces, de couleur vert-sombre, à ses fleurs à quatre pétales jaunâtres ou blanc-verdâtres contenant des centaines de grandes étamines blanches et à ses gros fruits charnus et comestibles jaunâtres (à « parfum de rose » d’où son nom anglais), contenant une à deux grosses graines de 2 à 5 cm de diamètre"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 26).

Habitat/ecology:  This medium-sized deciduous tree forms dense thickets which shade out native species. It invades undisturbed forest.  The tree thrives under a variety of edaphic conditions but is most commonly found in wet lowland habitats up to about 500 m elevation in Hawai‘i (C. W. Smith, 1985; p. 186), to 100 m in French Polynesia.  In Fiji, "cultivated and occasionally naturalized in thickets and waste places from near sea level to an elevation of about 850 m"  (A. C. Smith, 1985; pp. 356-357). In New Caledonia, "cultivé à Koé en 1883, se rencontre aujourd'hui surtout à l'état spontané" (MacKee, 1994; p. 106). Moist uplands in the Galápagos Islands (McMullen, 1999; p. 85).

"On the island of La Reunion in the Indian Ocean, S. jambos is considered to be the most ecologically important weed in the riverine areas of semi-dry riparian forest, where it has formed dense, tall, almost monospecific stands in the absence of human disturbance.  The plant is capable of invading undisturbed ecosystems and reducing their conservation values.  It readily invades disturbed rainforest." (Csurhes & Edwards, 1998; p. 58).

Propagation:  The fruit is dispersed by humans and perhaps feral pigs.

Native range:  Southeast Asia.

Presence:

Pacific
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
American Samoa Tutuila Islands	Tutuila Island	cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 38)
Chile (offshore islands) Rapa Nui (Easter) Island	Rapa Nui (Easter) Island (Isla de Pasqua)	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2008) (pp. 26, 30) "Nous avons observé des forêts denses mais localisés dans le cratère de Rano Kau, avec une régénération très abondante au sol et des fourrés isolés sur la côte ouest de l’île vers Tahai et sur la côte nord de l’île" (Meyer, 2008; p. 26).
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Aitutaki Atoll		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1969) (voucher ID: BISH 82146) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia jambos L.
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	‘Atiu Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Mangaia Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1928) (voucher ID: BISH 166464) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Ma‘uke Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Miti‘aro Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 89)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		McCormack, Gerald (2013)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 71)
Cook Islands Southern Cook Islands	Rarotonga Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1929) (voucher ID: BISH 166463) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Floreana Group	Floreana Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Isabela Group	Volcán Sierra Negra, Isabela Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) San Cristóbal Group	San Cristóbal Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Ecuador (Galápagos Islands) Santa Cruz Group	Santa Cruz Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Charles Darwin Foundation (2008)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 90) "Potential invader"
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced	Glassman, S. F. (1952) (p. 61)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island	introduced cultivated	Herrera, Katherine/Lorence, David H./Flynn, Timothy/Balick, Michael J. (2010) (p. 117)
Federated States of Micronesia Pohnpei Islands	Pohnpei Island		National Tropical Botanical Garden (U.S.A. Hawaii. Kalaheo.) (1998) (voucher ID: PTBG 34632) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Fiji Fiji Islands	Lakemba Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 356-357) Voucher cited: Garnock-Jones 917 Occasionally naturalized.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Smith, Albert C. (1985) (pp. 356-357) Vouchers cited: Smith 5141, Gillespie 2817, Gillespie 3394.4, DA 12101, DA L.11440 Occasionally naturalized.
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1960) (voucher ID: BISH 14920) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 166746) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 166747) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1927) (voucher ID: BISH 166748) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Fiji Fiji Islands	Viti Levu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1947) (voucher ID: BISH 166749) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Fatu Hiva Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Hiva Oa Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (year unknown)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, David H./Wagner, Warren L. (2013)
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 4244 (PAP), J. Florence 7474 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Marquesas Islands	Nuku Hiva (Nukahiva) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 555148) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
French Polynesia Society Islands	Moorea Island		Fosberg, F. R. (1997) (p. 81)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Vouchers cited: Moore 316, BRY 26370a
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 3813 (PAP) Naturalisée, Menace pour la biodiversité
French Polynesia Society Islands	Raiatea (Havai) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 491135) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia jambos L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced cultivated	Welsh, S. L. (1998) (p. 202) Vouchers cited: Setchell & Parks 240, Grant 4583, Florence 8055
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (year unknown)
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Vouchers cited: J. Florence 3217 (PAP), J. Florence 8055 (PAP) Naturalisée. Menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1982) (voucher ID: BISH 492051) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia jambos L.
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1986) (voucher ID: BISH 554169) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
French Polynesia Society Islands	Tahiti Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1975) (voucher ID: BISH 607509) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia jambos L.
French Polynesia Tuamotu Archipelago	Raro‘ia Atoll	introduced cultivated	Doty, Maxwell S. (1954) (p. 40)
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) "Commence à devenir envahissant à partir des sites de naturalisation". Voucher cited: J. Florence & W.R. Sykes 11289 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Raivavae (Raevavae) Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1992) (voucher ID: BISH 644241) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) Voucher cited: J. Florence 6224 (PAP) Naturalisée
French Polynesia Austral (Tubuai) Islands	Rurutu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1983) (voucher ID: BISH 552801) Taxon name on voucher: Eugenia jambos L.
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Sachet, Marie-Hélène/Oliver, Royce (1979) (p. 189)
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1918) (voucher ID: BISH 166970) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Guam Guam Island	Guam Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1919) (voucher ID: BISH 166971) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Hawai‘i (Big) Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Kaua‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Lāna‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Maui Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	Moloka‘i Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
State of Hawaii Hawaiian Islands	O‘ahu Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Wagner, Warren L./Herbst, Derral R./Sohmer, S. H. (1999) (p. 975)
Japan (offshore islands) Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands	Bonin (Ogasawara) Islands	introduced	Kato, Hidetoshi (2007)
New Caledonia New Caledonia Archipelago	Île Grande Terre	introduced invasive cultivated	MacKee, H. S. (1994) (p. 106) Vouchers cited: de Pompéry s.n., Cäniker 375, Virot 313, MacKee 2671, MacKee 8064, MacKee 40686 Spontané
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced	Sykes, W. R. (1970) (p. 136) Single tree per Sykes. Voucher cited: CHR 170460
Niue Niue	Niue Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2000) (p. 25)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Angaur (Ngeaur) Island		Wagner, W. L./ Herbst, D. R./Weitzman, A./Lorence, D.H. (2013)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Babeldaob Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 86)
Palau Palau (Belau ) (main island group)	Koror (Oreor) Island	introduced cultivated	Space, James C./Waterhouse, Barbara/Miles, Joel E./Tiobech, Joseph/Rengulbai, Kashgar (2003) (p. 82)
Philippines Philippine Islands	Philippine Islands	introduced invasive cultivated abo. intro.	Merrill, Elmer D. (1923) (p. 168) In and about towns in cultivation, occasinally naturalized; of prehistoric introduction.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2000) (p. 103)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	St. John, H. (1987) (p. 44) Vouchers cited: R. A. Young 12, St. John 15030, Fosberg & B. Christian 11174
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced	Fosberg, F. R./Paulay, Gustav/Spencer, T./Oliver, Royce (1989) (p. 14) Voucher cited: Paulay, Spencer & Schuster 680 (US)
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island	introduced invasive	Florence, J./Chevillotte, H./Ollier, C./Meyer, J.-Y. (2013) "Commun jusque sous le sommet de l'île, très envahissant à partir des vieilles plantations, en formation quasi monospécifiques qui grignotent les derniers lambeaux forestiers". Voucher cited: J. Florence 11033 (PAP) Naturalisée, menace pour la biodiversité.
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands	Pitcairn Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1991) (voucher ID: BISH 643136) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Savai‘i Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1931) (voucher ID: BISH 166582) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island	introduced invasive	Space, James C./Flynn, Tim (2002) (p. 68)
Samoa Western Samoa Islands	Upolu Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1979) (voucher ID: BISH 439230) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island	introduced	Yuncker, T. G. (1959) (p. 203) Voucher cited: Yuncker 16116
Tonga Vava‘u Group	Vava‘u Island		Bishop Museum (Honolulu) (1953) (voucher ID: BISH 166580) Taxon name on voucher: Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna (Horne) Islands	Wallis (‘Uvea) Island	introduced cultivated	Meyer, Jean-Yves (2007) (pp. 13, 36)

Pacific Rim
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia Australia (continental)	Northern Territory	introduced cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 58)
Australia Australia (continental)	Queensland	introduced invasive cultivated	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 58) Naturalized at isolated locations.
China China	China (People's Republic of)	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Mixed forests, mountain slopes, riversides, river valleys; below 100 to 1500 m. Cultivated and sometimes escaped in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan and Yunnan. Var. tripinnatum believed to be native.
China China	Hong Kong	introduced cultivated	Wu, Te-lin (2001) (p. 164)
Japan Japan	Japan	introduced	Mito, Toshikazu/Uesugi, Tetsuro (2004) (p. 186)
Mexico Mexico	Mexico (United Mexican States)	introduced	Weber, Ewald (2003) (p. 425)
Taiwan Taiwan Island	Taiwan Island	introduced invasive cultivated	Zhengyi, Wu/Raven, Peter H./Deyuan, Hong (2013) Mixed forests, mountain slopes, riversides, river valleys; below 100 to 1500 m. Cultivated and sometimes escaped. Var. tripinnatum believed to be native.

Indian Ocean
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
Australia (Indian Ocean offshore islands) Christmas Island Group	Christmas Island	introduced cultivated	Swarbrick, J. T. (1997) (p. 129) May naturalize.
Comoros Comoro Islands	Anjouan (Nzwani) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Grande Comore (Njazidja) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Comoros Comoro Islands	Mohéli (Mwali) Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Csurhes, S./Edwards, R. (1998) (p. 58)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	MacDonald, I. A. W./Thebaud, C./Strahm, W. A./Strasberg, D. (1991) (pp. 51-61)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Lavergne, Christophe (2006) "Très envahissant"
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Lavergne, C. (2004) (p. 4)
La Réunion (France) La Réunion Island	La Réunion Island	introduced invasive	Baret, Stephane/Rouget, Mathieu/Richardson, David M./Lavergne, Christophe/Egoh, Benis/Dupont, Joel/Strasberg, Dominique (2006) (p. 758)
Maldives Maldive Islands	Malè Atoll		Fosberg, F. R. (1957) (p. 29)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Lorence, D./Sussman, R. W. (1986) (pp. 147-162)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Mauritius Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
Mauritius Mautitius Islands (Mauritius and Rodrigues)	Rodrigues Island	introduced invasive	Kueffer, C./Mauremootoo, J. (2004) (p. 6)
French Territory of Mayotte Mayotte Islands	Mayotte Island	introduced invasive	Vos, P. (2004) (p. 6)
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Res. Serv. (2013) Naturalized
Seychelles Seychelles Islands	Seychelles Islands	introduced	Invasive Species Specialist Group (2017)

Also reported from
Country/Terr./St. & Island group	Location	Cited status & Cited as invasive & Cited as cultivated & Cited as aboriginal introduction?	Reference & Comments
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced	U.S. Dept. Agr., Nat. Res. Cons. Serv. (2013)
United States (continental except west coast) United States (other states)	USA (Florida)	introduced invasive	Motooka, Philip/Castro, Luisa/Nelson, Duane/Nagai, Guy/Ching, Lincoln (2003)

Comments:  A major invasive species in French Polynesia and other locations in the Pacific, the Galápagos Islands and the islands of Mauritius and La Réunion in the Indian Ocean.

"Not widespread in Tahiti where it forms very dense but localized stands. However, the rose-apple has become highly invasive in the island of Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas in cloud forests up to 1000 m elevation. the rose-apple produces large fruits with are only dispersed by gravity (short-distance) in Tahiti in places where trees have been planted (usually at low elevation) and as the species needs a high humidity to grow it is only found near rivers. In Nuku Hiva, the fruits are eaten and actively dispersed by a giant endemic pigeon (Ducula galeata) over long-distances and up in the montane rainforests where the habitat seems more favorable" (Jean-Yves Meyer, pers. com).

Control: 

Physical:  Hand pull or dig out seedlings and young plants.

Chemical:  "Sensitive to picloram applied cut-surface and to glyphosate applied to drilled holes.  Good control with triclopyr applied basal bark and cut-surface"  (Motooka et al., 2003).

"Seule la lutte chimique par le traitement des souches après coupe des gros arbres ou l’injection d’un herbicide dans le tronc (à base de triclopyr) ainsi que l’arrachage manuel des tapis de plantules au sol est réalisable"  (Meyer, 2008; p. 26).